Italian livestock and poultry manure is the original treatment?

Italy is located in southern Europe, animal husbandry output accounts for about one-third of total agricultural output. In recent years, the number of pastures in Italy has been gradually reduced and the scale of production has been expanded. Italy is also facing the pressure of livestock and poultry manure treatment under the EU's increasing environmental requirements, but it is better solved by combining biogas utilization and planting and breeding. There are roughly three modes of livestock and poultry manure disposal in Italy.

Three models of animal husbandry fecal problems

The large-scale farm fecal disposal model, represented by Makka Farm

Makka Farm is one of the few farms in Italy with more than 3,000 farms, just 20 km from the center of Rome and is a modern suburban farm. Maka farm according to their own conditions, engage in two modes of biogas power generation.

The first biogas digesters used a "70% fecal + 30% biomass" model with a power generation scale of 990 kW / h. In biogas production, the added biomass is generally silage corn and its scrap, straw, etc., its energy output efficiency is higher than livestock and poultry manure.

The second biogas digesters use a "30% fecal + 70% biomass" model with a power generation scale of 650kw / h. The biogas digesters were built on the basis of the successful use of the first biogas digesters. In order to improve power generation efficiency, straw and other biomass inputs accounted for the bulk.

Biogas power generation, the biogas residue and biogas slurry is also a good use. The biogas slurry is returned directly to the field and the biogas residue is dried and used as a dunnage for the dairy farm, and is suitably used for farmland crop fertilizers through surface fertilization and deep fertilization.

Biogas power generation model for small and medium - sized farms in Lombardy 's main livestock producing areas

Italy biogas power generation is more common, only Lombardy region has 250 biogas power generation enterprises, accounting for 15% of farming enterprises. Among them, there are 100% manure production of biogas power generation model, compared to Makka ranch production process, power generation efficiency is relatively low, but can be a good solution to the fecal pollution problems in the farm. As most of Italy's pastures are small and medium-sized farms, fecal production is not sufficient to maintain stable biogas production, ranchs spontaneously set up cooperatives, concentrated collection of livestock and poultry manure for a number of pastures for the production of renewable energy.

Italian small and medium ranch manure direct return to field technology model

As most of Italy for small and medium-sized pastures, have a certain size of their own land, most of the farms and some dairy farms using a simple processing to field technology. Before returning to the field must be the excrement, feeding water through the gap floor discharge to the dung ditch, and then into the storage tank storage for at least 2 months, anaerobic fermentation to kill harmful microorganisms in the feces, and then to return to field.

Whether it is directly to the field, or biogas slurry back to the field, there are surface fertilization and deep fertilization two models. According to reports, the surface fertilization model fecal nitrogen utilization efficiency of about 50%, of which ammonia nitrogen volatile loss of 30% to 50%; deep fertilization model fecal nitrogen utilization efficiency of up to 80%, of which ammonia nitrogen loss Only 2% to 3%. Deep fertilization is an effective way to reduce air pollution. Comparative experiments show that deep fertilization can be used to replace fertilizers with feces to ensure crop growth.

The farm should have the land to be matched with the size of its breeding to avoid nitrogen pollution. If there is no land, it must be treated with nitrogen elimination technology. Some of the farms in Lombardy, Italy, do not have or have very few supporting land, and there is no condition for manure to return to the field. According to their own situation, different nitrogen elimination technologies are selected.

Italian associations and experts believe that as long as the peasants anchored in the soil of the key indicators of continuous monitoring, can basically achieve the use of livestock and poultry waste, feces in other potential pollution elements such as phosphorus, heavy metals can also be solved. Practice has proved that the Italian fecal resource utilization experience is successful.

Various measures to encourage enterprises to clean production

The Government of Italy provides no more than 2.2 adult cattle units per hectare of land. Each region in Italy has also introduced policies to promote the sustainable development of animal husbandry in the region without violating EU directives.

Italy in the construction of biogas project at the beginning, to give enterprises 30% of the project investment subsidies. The past two years, due to the general promotion of biogas power generation projects, now if only the construction of biogas power plants, the Government will no longer give subsidies. For the biogas power generation and nitrogen removal equipment supporting the construction of the project, the Italian government to continue to provide 30% of the subsidies. While reducing the price of the acquisition of biogas power, committed to the price of 0.23 euros per issue of continuous acquisition of 20 years.

Italy gives farming producers subsidy linked to environmental protection. Maca Farm annually comply with Italian environmental policies, the region in accordance with the standard of 100 euros per 100 liters of milk to give production subsidies. The field produces 13 million liters of milk per year, can be subsidized 520,000 euros, and strengthen the farm production of compliance power.

The Italian model brings some inspiration

1, moderate scale, breeding match, to speed up the construction of new planting and breeding relationship

At present, China's aquaculture and planting production of the main separation, agriculture and animal husbandry is very difficult to combine, should learn from the Italian breeding and a variety of combined use of sewage treatment technology experience, the development of appropriate scale farming enterprises, as far as possible to build large farms The The number of farmland which can be used around the farm should be used as an important measure for the planning and construction of the scale. For the existing aquaculture enterprises, enterprises should be encouraged to increase the flow of land or cooperate to ensure the use of farmland area to ensure that they can be consumed Farm fecal.

2, system security, policy incentives to promote the comprehensive utilization of livestock and poultry waste and resources

At present, China is in the livestock and poultry waste utilization policy design stage, can learn from the Italian approach, strengthen the top design, encourage aquaculture enterprises to improve the precise management, from the source of emissions. First of all, to avoid the construction of high input, high pollution, low efficiency of farming enterprises. Second, the existing farms for sewage treatment technology transformation and upgrading, can be used "first built after the" policy, the environment standards to give subsidies to ensure that subsidies are really used for farm transformation and green development. Again, we should pay close attention to the introduction of bio-renewable energy successfully incorporated into the national grid preferential policies to support the development of biogas power generation. Finally, only the full use of wet and dry separation technology and nitrogen elimination technology, can fundamentally alleviate the lack of large-scale pasture farmland caused by pollution problems.

3, to strengthen the support, refining model, to further strengthen the typical model of fecal waste model to promote

Italian Fecal Treatment Perfect technical support Reveals us, first of all from the source to reduce nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metal emissions. Livestock production is bound to produce feces, the key is to accurately measure the production in order to maintain the production of nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metal emissions, on the basis of restrictions on excessive emissions, and to develop "who pollution, who pay" policy. The second is to improve the biogas production technology and norms, the use of fecal biogas production efficiency is low, if you can use crop straw as a supplement, can greatly improve the efficiency of biogas production, but also reduce the pollution caused by burning straw. Biogas residue, biogas slurry or to return to the field, to the different biogas slurry characteristics, different soil structure, different crops, different times and many other considerations, to develop a farming enterprises can be based on different farmland fertilization The use of a variety of integrated sewage treatment technology, the formation of a variety of can be promoted, can be copied to the technical model, to achieve fecal harmless, resource-based.

4, co-ordinate supply and demand, and actively guide and promote the healthy development of urban and rural areas

At present, the domestic high degree of environmental issues, but can not be neglected and simplified, should deal with the production, life and ecological relations. The practice of the Italian ranch proves that production, life and ecology are able to coordinate development. Therefore, we can not only take care of the ecological, regardless of supply, ignoring employment, the ban on urban animal husbandry, and refused to suburban livestock and poultry in thousands of miles away, in the event of extreme weather disasters, the city's supply will become a big problem. Especially fresh milk and other raw livestock products, suburban animal husbandry should occupy a certain percentage